... and Justice for All

Cops don't solve crimes, cops come up with stories that explain crimes. If the legal system can convince a jury that their story is what actually happened, some poor sucker is going to jail. If you're a suspect in a crime, any information you give may fit with the story they've created, or it may not, or the cops may create a new story to fit the information you've given them.

	10 Big Myths about Copyright Explained	by Brad Templeton
	After April 1, 1989, almost everything created privately in the USA is copyrighted and protected whether it has a notice or not.
	A Computer and Information Technologies Platform	by CPSR
	As people who design, create, study, and use computer and information technologies, we have taken the initiative to develop a political platform for these technologies. This platform describes a plausible, possible program for research, development, and implementation of computer and information technologies that will move towards resolving our most pressing social needs.
	A Look at Organized Crime	by Woody Allen
	It is no secret that organized crime in America takes in over forty billion dollars a year. This is quite a profitable sum, especially when one considers that the Mafia spends very little for office supplies.
	A New Approach to Field Training Officer Program	by Blair Rankin
	Prior to February 1989, the High Point, North Carolina, Police Department was using a traditional field training officer (FTO) program to supplement its academy training. This program had been in place since the 1970s; however, despite a highly structured format, new recruits graduating from the program reflected inconsistent work habits and attitudes.
	A Skunk in the Jury Box	by Amnesty Int'l
	Victor Saldaño, an Argentine national, was arrested in 1995 in Texas, USA. He was not informed of his rights upon arrest to contact his consulate. He was charged with capital murder. At the trial, the state obtained a conviction, and the proceedings moved into a separate sentencing phase.
	Accreditation: A Small Department's Experience	by Raymond E. Arthurs
	To this end, CALEA researched, tested, and approved standards for law enforcement administration and operations. These standards were then made available to agencies through an accreditation program. Today, they still serve as the basis for law enforcement agencies to demonstrate voluntarily that they meet professional criteria.
	Against User Interface Copyright	by The League for Programming Freedom
	In June 1990, Lotus won a copyright infringement suit against Paperback Software, a small company that implemented a spreadsheet that obeys the same keystroke commands used in Lotus 1-2-3. Paperback was not accused of copying code from 1-2-3---only of supporting compatible user commands. Such imitation was common practice until unexpected court decisions in recent years extended the scope of copyright law.
	Age of consent in every state
	Amateur Action Bust	by Keith Henson
	Monday night about 8 pm, Robert called (at that time I had not met him in person). A search warrant was being served at that very moment by the US Postal Inspectors, who (with the help of San Jose cops) were packing up his equipment and carting it out--again.
	An International Criminal Court for Transnational Companies?	by Francois Rigaux
	Transnational companies (TNCs) are economic agents of private law and are subject in principle to rule of law and to the jurisdiction of its courts. The transnational group does not, in itself, possess an identity which can be distinguished from each of the entities that make it up, so that it can only be obliged to answer for its acts in a fragmented way, so that it benefits from the opposing interests of the States in which it operates.
	Analytical Intelligence Training	by Marilyn B. Peterson and R. Glen Ridgeway
	The ability to analyze is very important in law enforcement. Every investigator uses analytical ability on the job daily--from the investigation of a single traffic accident to the most complex fraud and money laundering schemes. Analytical ability is what makes a good investigator.
	Anticipatory Search Warrants	by A. Louis DiPietro
	Rather than risking either loss or suppression of the evidence, the officer can use an anticipatory or prospective search warrant. An anticipatory search warrant is based on a showing of probable cause that at some future time (but not presently) certain evidence of crime will be located at a specific place.
	Arson Investigations	by William A. Tobin
	Part of the FBI's investigation involved actual test burnings of mattresses of varying inner-spring construction. The mattresses were placed in a room full of furniture at the FBI's Test Burn Facility in Quantico, VA.
	Art in the Digital Age
	Attica Guards Lobby for Inhumane Treatment	by Ian Williams Goddard
	A group of the trigger happy Attica prison guards that massacred 29 prison inmates and the 10 hostages they held during a 1971 riot are apparently not satisfied with their contribution to human suffering. Upset that there are prison inmates they have not destroyed, these guards have formed a national lobbying organization in an effort to halt humane treatment of prisoners.
	Audit of the Pittsburg Police Department, Part 1	by Tom Flaherty
	The following audit of Pittsburgh's Police Department was released to the public on Aug. 20, 1996. Interestingly, even though the audit reveals that 59 cops have had five or more complaints launched against them by civilians or other cops, and even though 40 percent of cops on the force have had at least one complaint launched against them, Mayor Tom Murphy claims the audit confirms his contention that problems at the Pittsburgh Police Department amount to only "a few bad apples,".
	Audit of the Pittsburg Police Department, Part 2	by Tom Flaherty
	Of these 281 unfounded complaints, 262 were filed against employees of the Police Bureau. The rest were filed against other employees of the Public Safety Department, such as fire fighters, paramedics, building inspectors, etc. Once we compiled the numbers on unfoundeds, we immediately removed them from our data and did not consider them in any of our remaining analysis.
	Australian Victorian police Warrant. Duplicated exactly
	B.L.O.C.: Business Leaders Against Organized Crime	by Mike King
	Most law enforcement budgets can barely pay reactive costs, let alone proactive ones. However, in Weber County, Utah, a funding source has been found that has reaped substantial benefits for both the police department and the community. That funding source is B.L.O.C.--Business Leaders Against Organized Crime.
	Bank Employee Embezzlement	by Denise M. Dube
	The bank estimated that it experienced approximately 30 employee embezzlement cases a month, with a resultant loss of $2.5 million a year. No figure was projected for losses incurred due to undetected cases.
	Beastiality Laws from Around the World
	Details on laws around the world affecting zoophiles.
	Biography of Several U.S. Supreme Court Judges
	Biography of several U.S. Supreme Court Judges obtained from the legal archive at info.umd.edu.
	Bombmaking Information and the First Amendment	by US DOJ
	In order to prove that a person disseminating bombmaking information did so as part of a conspiracy to commit a substantive offense, the government need not prove that the substantive offense occurred; however, the government must show, at the very least, that the disseminator (i) knew of the intended unlawful use of the information and (ii) agreed with other conspirators that an offense would be committed. And, as a general matter, the requisite agreement cannot be proved simply by demonstrating that a person has provided a product to another person knowing that the product would be used in the commission of a crime, where the provider of the product is indifferent to its subsequent use. "[A] conspiracy requires agreement, and there is a difference between knowing that something will occur -- even as an absolute certainty -- and agreeing to bring that same 'something' about."
	Breastfeeding Is Child Abuse	by Dr. Erik Von Krammer PhD
	Article examines the negative effects of breastfeeding on children and why it should be considered sexual abuse to breastfeed the child.
	Canadian Computer Crime Law	by Henry Waldock
	When the Canadian Parliament considered computer mis-use, viruses were not a problem, but the legislation they produced isn't bad. (I will attach a copy at the end of this message.) They created a kind of "trespass to information" which they called "unauthorized access to a computer system", and a kind of "vandalism to information", which they called "unauthorized alteration or destruction of computerized data". My major criticism is that they didn't explicitly criminalize the unauthorized consumption of computer resources.
	Cellmate Informants: A Constitutional Guide to Their Use	by Kimberly Kingston Crawford
	In recent years, legal scholars have debated the legality and propriety of using cellmate informants. While some scholars find the practice a "mere strategic deception [that takes] advantage of a suspect's misplaced trust in one he supposes to be a fellow prisoner," others view the use of cellmate informants as being "so offensive to a civilized system of justice that [the practice] must be condemned."
	Charles Manson's 1992 Parole Hearing
	It's best you look into my mind now while you got a chance while I'm still here. I know a lot about law. I know the judge's bench. I know crime and school and doctors and reports and I know bad and good and money and the economy and gambling, prostitution. I see the world from the underworld up.
	Civil Forfeiture	by Thomas V. Kukura
	The U.S. Department of Justice has determined that a crucial component of effective drug law enforcement is the forfeiture of real property used to facilitate illicit drug trafficking. It was not until 1984 that Congress authorized the civil forfeiture of real property used or intended to be used to facilitate drug trafficking.
	Civil Rights Cases and Police Misconduct	by John Epke and Linda Davis
	The two major entities involved in civil rights cases are the Civil Rights Division (CRD) of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and the FBI's Civil Rights Unit (CRU). The Civil Rights Division's mission within the Department of Justice is to enforce Federal criminal civil rights statutes and to make prosecutive decisions about civil rights cases.
	Clomon vs. Jackson (Fair Debt Collection Practices)	by 2d Cir.
	At the outset, it should be emphasized that the use of ANY false, deceptive, or misleading representation in a collection letter violates  1692e--regardless of whether the representation in question violates a particular subsection of that provision. Given the broad sweep of this provision, it would be possible to uphold the district court's decision to grant summary judgment for the plaintiff even if the facts did not establish a violation of subsection (3). We find, however, that the district court properly concluded that the record establishes a violation of subsection (3).
	Cognitive Interviewing	by Margo Bennett and John E. Hess
	What happens when even these direct questions fail to produce the details needed from witnesses? The cognitive interview method is a proven technique, effective because it provides interviewers with a structured approach to help retrieve such details from the memories of witnesses.
	Community Outreach Program
	Computer Aided Drafting for Law Enforcement	by Joseph E. Badger
	Most people would ask why a police department would need a CAD program; after all, cops don't design or draw anything. However, the value of this software package becomes obvious considering the reoccurring need of police officers to reconstruct crime scenes or to diagram scenes of traffic accidents. In these types of investigations, a drawing shows what occurred and reinforces the narrative of the report.
	Con-man or Struggling Angel? Uganda’s Infamous Ex-pat, Van Brink	by Victoria S. Gates
	International U.S. fugitive ex-CEO of bank with assets reportedly at $120-billion (USD) interviewed about intelligence reports labeling him a threat to national security and a federal indictment charging him with 140 criminal counts in January 2004.
	Congressman George Hansen: America's Most Famous Political Prisoner
	The idea of political prisoners and the abuse they suffer at the hands of their government is not a new one to the majority of the American public. The possibility that America would have such a thing as a "political prisoner" within its own borders would be, to the majority of this nation's citizens, considered the substance of right wing, militia or separatist paranoia.
	Control Unit Prisons in the United States
	Having disposed of the official claims regarding the purpose of control units, we turn to the true function. Ironically, this was clearly stated by Ralph Arons, a former warden at Marion, who testified in federal court: ``The purpose of the Marion Control Unit is to control revolutionary attitudes in the prison system and in the society at large''
	Convicted by Juries, Exonerated by Science	by DOJ
	Persons convicted of murder and rape before DNA profiling became available have sought to have the evidence in their cases reevaluated using this new technology. In some cases, DNA test results have exonerated those convicted of the offenses and resulted in their release from prison.
	Copyright Information for Computer Software Hacks	by June B. Moore
	It is not necessary to register the work with the Copyright Office in Washington, D.C. to get copyright protection. In fact, it is not necessary to put the copyright notice on to get protection, but the notice is required if you want to sue for infringement, as is registration with the Copyright Office.
	Copyright Information for Programmers
	Copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States (title 17, U.S. Code) to the authors of "original works of authorship" including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. This protection is available to both published and unpublished works.
	Copyright Law	by Jordan J. Breslow
	I am an attorney practicing copyright law and computer law. I read a series of queries in Net.Legal about copyright law and was dismayed to find that people who had no idea what they were talking about were spreading misinformation over the network.
	Copyright Law Part 1 - Introduction	by Terry Carroll
	I've noticed that copyright questions seem to come up constantly on usenet, not only in misc.legal, but in many newsgroups, from comp.fonts to rec.classical.music. It also happens to be my favorite area of law, so when I abandoned the misc.legal FAQ, I decided to retain the portions dealing with copyright law, and to fashion that into a Copyright Law FAQ. This document is the result.
	Copyright Law Part 2 - Copyright Basics	by Terry Carroll
	What is a copyright? What is "public domain?" I just wrote a great program/novel/song/whatever. How can I get a copyright on it? How long does a copyright last? Does it need to be renewed? What advantages are there to registering my work with the Copyright Office? How can I register a copyright with the U.S. Copyright Office? What advantages are there to including a copyright notice on my work? Can I ever use a copyrighted work without permission of the copyright holder, or "What is 'fair use?'" Fair use - the legal basis of the doctrine.
	Copyright Law Part 3 - Common Miscellaneous Questions	by Terry Carroll
	Who owns the copyright to something I wrote at work, me or my company? Is copyright infringement a crime, or a civil matter? What is the statute of limitation for copyright infringement? Can the government be sued for copyright infringement? Can the government copyright its works? Can I legally make a cassette copy of a musical CD for my own use, so I can play it in my car? Are Usenet postings and email messages copyrighted? Are fonts copyrighted? What does "All Rights Reserved" mean? What's the difference between a copyright and a patent? Why is there so little in this FAQ about patents?
	Copyright Law Part 4 - International Aspects	by Terry Carroll
	What international treaties exist governing copyright, or "What is this Berne Convention I keep hearing about?" Is Freedonia a signatory to either the Berne Convention or to the Universal Copyright Convention?
	Copyright Law Part 5 - Further Copyright Resources	by Terry Carroll
	Where can I get more information on copyright? What materials related to copyright are available on the Internet?
	Copyright Law Part 6 - Appendix	by Terry Carroll
	A note about legal citation form, or, "What's all this '17 U.S.C. 107' and.'977 F.2d 1510' stuff?"
	Copyright Law and Copyright Infringement	by Jordan J. Breslow
	I am an attorney practicing copyright law and computer law. I read a series of queries in Net.Legal about copyright law and was dismayed to find that people who had no idea what they were talking about were spreading misinformation over the network. Considering that the penalties for copyright infringement can include $50,000.00 damages per infringed work, attorneys' fees, court costs, criminal fines and imprisonment, and considering that ignorance is no excuse and innocent intent is not even a recognized defense, I cringe to see the network used as a soapbox for the ill-informed. For that reason, this article will discuss copyright law and license law as they pertain to computer software.
	Copyright Laws... for Those Pirate Types	by The Hoppist
	Well, you've done it! Just completed getting a copy of every piece of software ever issued... 126 diskbanks full, not counting the stuff in the closet and under the bed. As you sit down to await the next release, you notice the headlines in the local paper about latest BBS and its members being crashed... amongst the other "crimes" was possession of illegally copied software... something about violation of the Copyright Act.
	Copyright Your Software	by Charles B. Kramer
	To register your copyright, you must file a two page application with the Copyright Office. Getting the application and filling it out is not difficult, and is a good idea. Here's how to get the application, how to learn to fill it out, and some related things people who create software should know.
	Copyright and Globalization in the Age of Computer Networks	by Richard Stallman
	The Soviet Union treated it as very important. There this unauthorized copying and re-distribution was known as Samizdat and to stamp it out, they developed a series of methods: First, guards watching every piece of copying equipment to check what people were copying to prevent forbidden copying. Second, harsh punishments for anyone caught doing forbidden copying. Third, soliciting informers, asking everyone to rat on their neighbors and co-workers to the information police.
	Copyrighting Public Domain Programs	by June B. Moore, JD
	The term "public domain" means, from a legal point of view, a program or other work that does not have copyright protection. The indiscriminate use of the word confuses the copyright issues. A work disclosed to a specific group of people for a limited purpose is not necessarily "public domain" software.
	Corruption: A Continuing Challenge for Law Enforcement	by Otis E. Cooksey
	All too frequently, the public's confidence in law enforcement is shaken by reports of officers falling victim to corruption. While no profession is untouched by corruption, its effect on law enforcement is especially damaging. As guardians of law and order in a free society, law enforcement officers must maintain a consistently high standard of integrity.
	Cradle Robbers: A Study of Infant Abductors	by Larry G. Ankrm and Cynthia J. Lent
	In June 1988, a woman dressed in a nurse's uniform entered the hospital room of a new mother and told her she needed to take her baby and have him weighed. Sometime later, a nurse's assistant making her routine rounds realized something was wrong when she saw that the infant's empty bassinet had been left in the room.
	Critical Incident Stress Debriefing
	Curtilage: The Fourth Amendment
	Custodial Interrogation	by Kimberly A. Crawford
	In Minnick v. Mississippi, (1) the U.S. Supreme Court announced a rule of law that could have a substantial impact on the way many law enforcement agencies conduct custodial interrogations. Specifically, the Court severely curtailed the law enforcement officer's ability to reinitiate custodial interrogation of suspects who had previously invoked the right to counsel.
	Custom's Bet Program
	Cyberspace and the Legal Matrix: Laws or Confusion?	by Lance Rose
	Many like to view life in the electronic networks as a "new frontier", and in certain ways that remains true. Nonetheless, people remain people, even behind the high tech shimmer. Not surprisingly, a vast matrix of laws and regulations has trailed people right into cyberspace.
	DARE: Selecting the Right Officer	by Philip W. Tribuzio
	The Drug Abuse Resistance Education Program, D.A.R.E., may be one of the most successful undertakings in the history of modern law enforcement. This highly visible program, developed by the Los Angeles Police Department and the Los Angeles Unified Schools, has become a primary tool to teach children how to resist using drugs. The business community and local governments have also recognized the value of D.A.R.E. and continue to provide financial support to operate this valuable program.
	DNA Testing and the Frye Standard	by Robert A. Fiatal
	Comparisons and conclusions based upon this scientific technique are strong, if not overwhelming, proof of guilt, and prosecutors, investigators, and forensic scientists should anticipate strong defense objections to the admission of such testimony at trial.
	Defeating Computer Forensics	by protonigger (a.k.a Murder Mouse)
	A quick guide to keeping your data out of the law's hands.
	Deliberate Indifference	by Michael Callahan
	The U.S. Supreme Court, in Monell v. New York City Department of Social Services (1) ruled that a municipal corporation may be liable for adopting and executing a formal policy that results in a constitutional deprivation. Moreover, the Court ruled that liability can occur for constitutional violations caused by municipal ``customs'' or informal policies, even though they have not been officially approved by city policymakers.
	Destroying Tradition	by Fascistsmasher
	Gay Marriage is an issue that shouldn't even be on the national agenda, it should be made legal and that is final. Disagree? Then read on.
	Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens	by George W. Bush
	To protect the United States and its citizens, and for the effective conduct of military operations and prevention of terrorist attacks, it is necessary for individuals subject to this order pursuant to section 2 hereof to be detained, and, when tried, to be tried for violations of the laws of war and other applicable laws by military tribunals.
	Developing Police Leadership
	Diaster Operations: Not Business as Usual	by Michael Guerin
	All too often, when disasters occur, law enforcement officials simply comment, "It's business as usual, just more of it." Unfortunately, experience has shown that this is not the case. In fact, given any disaster situation, law enforcement agencies must alter their priorities, operations, and schedules to meet emergency demands.
	Director's Message
	Director's Message
	Director's Message- Facing the Future
	Dispelling Myths about the GPL and Free Software	by John Viega and Bob Fleck
	One of the most disturbing aspects of the hype surrounding the de Tocqueville report is the shockingly wrong implication that free software may leave the United States government open to more risk from terrorist organizations than if using proprietary software. In this paper, we will dispel this myth, along with thirteen other misconceptions that are often used to scare corporations and governments away from using free software, particularly that licensed under the GPL.
	Do the Cops Like You or Do They HATE You?
	Do the cops like you? or Do they HATE you? Find out in this file! You'll be suprised!
	Domestic Violence
	Don't Talk to Cops	by Robert W. Zeuner
	In the first place, when law enforcement authorities come to see you, there are no "simple questions". Unless they are investigating a traffic accident, you can be sure that they want information about somebody. And that somebody may be you!
	Driver License Suspension Programs
	Effective Crowd Control	by Steven J. Schmidt
	A step-by-step plan is important to effective crowd control. In order to ensure a well-policed event, police managers should prepare ahead of time for any conceivable problems.
	Effective Search and Seizure	by Patrick Fagan
	Often at the crux of a search and seizure is probable cause - apparent and reliable facts that create a reasonable belief that a crime has been or is being committed. Officers may now be held liable for technicalities stemming from lack of probable cause.
	Eight Reasons the US Should Reject the International Cybercrime Treaty	by ACLU
	On November 23, the United States signed an extraordinarily broad new treaty to increase cooperation among law enforcement officials of different nations. Officially, this Cybercrime Convention was drafted by the 43-member Council of Europe, with the U.S., Canada, Japan and other countries participating as "observers." In reality, American law enforcement officials have been among the primary drivers behind the treaty.
	Elderwatch	by Lt. Bob Chance
	In the summer of 1986, because of a substantial increase in the number of crimes directed against the elderly, officers of the Tulsa, Oklahoma, Police Department met with various citizens groups to discuss possible solutions to this problem. Another area of concern expressed at these meetings was the fact that many elderly citizens were not receiving the help they needed because they lacked the information and resources to assist themselves. As a result, the Tulsa Police Department, in conjunction with several community service agencies, initiated Elderwatch, a program designed specifically for Tulsa's elderly citizens.
	Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986
	Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986
	Employee Development Programs	by John L. Pape, Chief of Police
	Police administrators of small law enforcement agencies face great challenges as they seek to provide service with severely limited financial resources. An area often overlooked as having revenue-saving potential is employee retention. There is no doubt that excessive employee turnover financially drains any police agency, regardless of size. But, in a smaller agency, it can be fiscally devastating. One option is for administrators to consider using a well-structured employee development program to manage employee turnover effectively.
	Enforcing the GPL, I	by Eben Moglen
	Because there's nothing complex or controversial about the license's substantive provisions, I have never even seen a serious argument that the GPL exceeds a licensor's powers.
	Enforcing the GPL, II	by Eben Moglen
	So what happens when the GPL is violated?
	FBINA Graduate Survey
	FISA Implementation Failures
	The secrecy of individual FISA cases is certainly necessary, but this secrecy has been extended to the most basic legal and procedural aspects of the FISA, which should not be secret. This unnecessary secrecy contributed to the deficiencies that have hamstrung the implementation of the FISA.
	FISC Open Opinion	by FISC
	A rare open opinion from the super-secret Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, complaining of misrepresentation of facts from the Justice Department when obtaining warrants.
	FISC: An Interview with Judge Royce Lamberth
	Judge Royce C. Lamberth, U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, was appointed to the federal bench in 1987. Before joining the Judiciary he was a U.S. Army Captain in the JAG Corps, an assistant U.S. attorney, and Chief of the Department of Justice Civil Division. He recently completed a term as presiding judge of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.
	Facility Planning in Colorado
	Father's Rights
	Father's Rights: legal information for men undergoing divorce proceedings.
	Federal Guidelines for Searching and Seizing Computers	by DOJ
	As computers and telecommunications explode into the next century, prosecutors and agents have begun to confront new kinds of problems. These Guidelines illustrate some of the ways in which searching a computer is different from searching a desk, a file cabinet, or an automobile.
	Federal Rules of Crimnal Proceedure #2
	Federal Rules of Crimnal Proceedure #3
	Federal Rules of Evidence #1
	Federal Rules of Evidence #2
	The conclusion of the Federal Rules of Evidence.
	Florida's Computer Crime
	Focus on Forensics: Latent Shoeprint Analysis	by Dwain A. Pierce
	Another type of print impression that could be just as valuable has been widely overlooked. Latent shoe prints exist in almost all interior crime scenes but are often ignored by investigators or destroyed by initial responders before the prints could be processed.
	Focus on NCIC: Identifying the Unidentified
	Since 1983, NCIC has provided computerized assistance in matching unidentified persons and bodies with missing persons. The key to successful use of the system is the prompt entry of records into NCIC's Unidentified Person File and its Missing Person File.
	Foreign Searches and the Fourth Amendment
	Free as in Freedom	by Sam Williams
	Richard M. Stallman, a staff software programmer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (AI Lab), discovered the malfunction the hard way.
	Freedom Or Copyright?	by Richard Stallman
	Computers can be powerful tools of domination when a few people control what other people's computers do. The publishers realized that by forcing people to use specially designated software to read e-books, they can gain unprecedented power: they can compel readers to pay, and identify themselves, every time they read a book!
	Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War
	In addition to the provisions which shall be implemented in peace time, the present Convention shall apply to all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or more of the High Contracting Parties, even if the state of war is not recognized by one of them.
	Georgia's Sex Laws	by Biffnix
	Since there was a discussion in the NNCONSPIRACY sub about Georgia sex laws, I thought I'd post the real deal here, in case anyone was wondering. There was also a good article on a test case of the sodomy statute, in which the defendant lost the case (but was not imprisoned or fined). The decision went 5-4 to uphold the sodomy statute.
	Gotta Be A Better Way
	Harrassed by the Colorado State Patrol	by Franklin Perez
	Shut up and cooperate!!", which is what Trooper Timothy McClinchy said, in an intimidating and loud manner, merely because a citizen questions them by stating "Officers, I have to respectfully state this is turning into harassment."
	Hate Violence in the United States	by Floyd I. Clarke
	On October 8, 1988, members of the Confederate Hammerskins (CHS) vandalized a Jewish community center, the Temple Shalom Synagogue, and an Islamic mosque in Dallas, Texas. These Skinheads broke windows, shot into walls, and spray painted racist graffiti on the buildings.
	History of Control Unit Prisons
	Before this, lockdown was used to control and suppress disruptions within a prison by severely restricting prisoners' rights. Marion was the first prison to make lockdown a permanent condition. Marion combined permanent lockdown with sensory deprivation and administrative (rather than disciplinary) classification to create a streamlined machine for repressing those people the Department of Corrections (DOC) finds objectionable, whether for political, economic, racial, or religious reasons.
	Honolulu's Stripes
	How to Pass a Lie Detector Test
	When someone hooks you up to a lie detector, they are measuring your physical responses to psychological stimuli. It's something like watching you to see if you blush. There are four levels they can measure.
	IRS Bankrupcy Policy
	IRS and Terrorist-Related Information Sharing	by GAO
	Poor information sharing hinders effectively identifying vulnerabilities and coordinating efforts to detect attacks. As agreed with your offices, as part of our response to your request to monitor the Internal Revenue Service's (IRS) efforts to enhance the security of the tax filing process, we studied how terrorist-related threat information is shared with IRS.
	In Defense of Illegal File Sharing	by Sigma
	A scathing backlash against the suddenly popular idea that there is something morally wrong with file sharing over the internet.
	Information on the ACLU
	The American system of government is built on two basic, counter-balancing principles: 1) that the majority of the people, through democratically elected representatives, governs the country and 2) that the power of even a democratic majority must be limited to insure individual rights. In every era of American history, the government has tried to expand its authority at the expense of individual rights. The American Civil Liberties Union exists to make sure that doesn't happen, and to fight back when it does.
	Inmate Transfers to Out of State Private Prisons	by Lehn Fitzgerald
	Nickel observed that staff members did not react when inmates flashed gang signs in front of them. In addition, a staff member did not respond when an inmate displayed his ID card that had gang-colored beads hanging off of it. Nickel also reported that inmates were allowed to hold gang meetings in their cells.
	Inside America?s Secret Court	by Patrick S. Poole
	This is the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), which considers surveillance and physical search orders from the Department of Justice and US intelligence agencies. During the 20-year tenure of the FISC the court has received over 10,000 applications for covert surveillance and physical searches. To date, not a single application has been denied.
	Inventory Searches
	Jam the Jails	by Anonymous
	After 23 years of Congressional abuse, instead of laws and judgements becoming fairer, non-custodial parents find themselves under increasingly harsher attacks.
	Joseph Amrine - Facing Execution on Tainted Testimony	by Amnesty Int'l
	The Amrine case has many of the hallmarks of wrongful convictions: No physical evidence, self-interested witnesses, alleged misconduct by investigators, a poor defense lawyer and an appeals process stacked against the defendant.
	Judge's Statement to the Shoe Bomber	by Judge William Young
	U.S. District Court Judge William Young made the following statement in sentencing shoe bomber Richard Reid to prison.
	Keys To Success in a Small Department
	Lack of Fathers Rights...Continued.	by djrob1
	a very good artical was recientally written by "Alykorn"...a woman...obviously a very smart and tired of the bs type of girl...read it...
	Lateral Entry: A Move Toward the Future
	Law Enforcement Exploring
	Legal Brief
	Legal Brief
	Legal and Ethical Considerations for Dealing with Electronic Files	by Harvey A. Silverglate and Thomas C. Viles
	This small sampling of cases demonstrates the unequivocal determination of the government to conduct investigative seizures of entire computer systems, even when only a few files may be relevant to an investigation or prosecution. Such seizures can have immediate and catastrophic effects on computer users who have no connection to the conduct being investigated.
	Looney Laws in L.A.	by Robert W. Pelton
	Funny old laws still on the books in Los Angeles.
	Managing Police Basic Training Curriculum
	Managing for Excellence
	Meet and Beat the Lie Detector	by William Poundstone
	The polygraph test was invented by William Moulton Marston, who was, strangely enough, also the creator of the "Wonder Woman" comic strip (under the name Charles Moulton). The standard polygraph records only three distinct vital signs. A blood-pressure cuff on the upper arm measures changes in blood pressure. Wires attached to the fingers measure changes in electrical resistance of the skin due to sweating. Rubber straps around the torso measure the breathing rate. This information is displayed as four squiggles on a moving strip of graph paper.
	Microsoft DRMOS Palladium -- The Trojan Horse OS
	Although it has been difficult to clearly articulate to the general computer user, it should now be clear the DMCA represents not only risk to fair use and other such issues, but represents a tool by which new technologies such as the DRMOS can be enforced. It and other new laws (SSSCA/CBDTPA) are the legal infrustructure required to make the public use these new DRM technologies and enforce punishment/fines when they are circumvented.
	Ministers Team With Police to Keep the Peace	by D. R. Staton and Larry Edwards
	In 1989, an annual Labor Day weekend gathering of college students in the resort city of Virginia Beach, Virginia, erupted into violent rioting. Thousands of students who had gathered to celebrate "Greekfest," so-called because of its origins as a fraternity gathering, took to the streets, looting shore front shops and creating social unrest. The event captured media attention. Nationwide, Americans witnessed the rioting and law enforcement response that mirrored police actions of the 1960s.
	More on Visitation Rights in Divorce Proceedings
	Under New York law, the State may terminate, over parental objection, the rights of parents in their natural child upon a finding that the child is "permanently neglected."
	My Personal Experience With Law Enforcement - Profiling	by Nyarlathotep
	Not long ago, my constitutional(and civil) rights were heinously violated. I was a target of illegal "PROFILING" and my protection against ILLEGAL SEARCH AND SEIZURE was ignored and raped.
	Neat file about Cop's Modus Operandi
	New Law Enforcement Powers Include Secret Searches, Internet Spying and Assassinations
	In an example of how the new laws will be used to punish suspected "terrorists," Long Island activist Connor Cash was officially charged with "providing material support to terrorists," in connection with property damage claimed by the Earth Liberation Front on Long Island late last year.
	New laws to outlaw vitamins
	Night of the Living Red Squad Files: How Police Share Information	by Mitzi Waltz
	Why would someone care that files about his or her political activities are floating around somewhere just out of reach? There are plenty of good reasons. To start with, having a mention of yourself in any police file gives the impression that you might be involved with criminals or criminal activity, even if that's not the case.
	No Excuse for Second-Class Justice	by Joseph I. Lieberman
	President Bush's Nov. 13 order authorizing military tribunals to detain and try foreign nationals accused of committing terrorist acts against the United States unleashed a firestorm of criticism, most of it suggesting that military trials grossly violate America's commitment to civil rights and civil liberties.
	Non-lethal Weapons to Watch For	by Candace Etter
	New weapons that the government designs and the police departments love are aimed at you! All agencies claim that the devices are strictly for crowd control, but monitoring agencies, like Human Rights Watch, are rebutting their so-called non-lethal nature. As a matter of fact, many of these devices cause serious, long-term, irreversible damage to human beings.
	Obscenity Section 251.4 of Model Penal Code
	The Model Penal Code (MPC) is arguably the most important work on criminal law in the past 30 years. This Model Code has been used as the basis of many state's criminal codes. New Jersey and Pennsylvania have adopted the MPC as their criminal code. However, sections of the MPC or slight re-writes are used by virtually every state. The MPC's prohibition on "obscenity" and distribution of obscenity follows.
	Operation CLEAN: Reclaiming City Neighborhoods	by Richard W. Hatler, Deputy Chief, Dallas, Texas, Police Department
	Dallas, Texas, faces the same problems as many other cities around the country. It has experienced the devastation of whole neighborhoods as drugs, particularly crack cocaine, destroy old ways of life and replace them with violence, thievery, and a feeling of hopelessness. One by one, communities in Dallas fell to drug dealers, only to become darkened marketplaces of the drug trade.
	Operation Star
	Other Citizenships: New Country Alternatives	by Paul Collin
	Foreign Birth Registration (FBR) citizenship programs worldwide, as an option for citizens of other countries to obtain other country passports, national residencies, new workplaces, and plan for a new retirement worldwide.
	Pagan's Guide to Dealing with Police Harrassment	by AMER
	It is important to remember that religious belief is not a crime. If you are ever harassed for your religious beliefs, whether by corrupt police following their own agendas or by honest police misled by dishonest citizens, you must bear in mind that the legal system is designed to protect you. This pamphlet will show you how to **use** the system to your own advantage: what to do, and especially what **not** to do.
	Paper on IRS and INDEMNIFICATION
	Personal Liability: The Qualified Immunity Defense	by Daniel L. Schofield, S.J.D.
	The threat of personal liability is one of many risks associated with the law enforcement profession. Citizens rightly expect officers to understand the constitutional principles that govern their conduct. At the same time, law enforcement effectiveness often depends on officers' confidence and willingness to act swiftly and decisively to combat crime and protect the public.
	Plateauing in Law Enforcement
	Police Management	by James D. Sewell
	In small police departments, it is usually decisions regarding personnel that are the most difficult and emotionally distressing. Years of law enforcement training prepare administrators for tactical and strategic problems and operational decisions. As a result, many police chiefs find that making life-or-death decisions is easier than initiating procedures that could cost officers their rank, salary, or job.
	Police NOT OBLIGATED to Protect
	Police Practices: Bomb Dog Teams	by James L. Setzer
	Most Air Force security police squadrons have bomb dog teams, which consist of an experienced handler, a highly trained explosives detection dog, and a spotter who assists the handler and acts as backup. Each team is proficient in detecting several common types of explosives and can provide detection capability for bomb threats, suspicious packages, airport security breaches, and terrorist incidents.
	Police Practices: Operation Alert	by Captain Mark Willingham and Chief Jerry Cameron
	In Fernandina Beach, FL, the police department and the Division of Alcoholic Beverages and Tobacco have combined education, public relations, and law enforcement into a cohesive effort to stop underage drinking. OPERATION ALERT (Alcohol--Law Enforcement/Retail Training) is a multi-faceted program that combines retail vendor training, student and parent awareness, and law enforcement action to reduce alcohol consumption by persons under 21 years of age.
	Police Practices: Operation Hotel-Motel	by Sgt. Mark T. Langan
	The transient nature of drug dealers compounds law enforcement's efforts to curb drug trafficking. Those involved in this illegal activity travel to cities and towns throughout the United States to sell drugs. In many instances, dealers use hotels and motels as their base of operations until they move on to other areas.